05/29/2026
Oklahoma Supreme Court Invalidates Tulsa’s Municipal-Tribal Settlement Agreement
The Oklahoma Supreme Court issued an important decision in State ex rel. Stitt v. City of Tulsa, 2026 OK 39, involving Tulsa’s settlement agreement with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation.
The agreement arose out of federal litigation over whether the City of Tulsa could exercise municipal criminal jurisdiction over Indian defendants for conduct occurring within the Muscogee reservation. As part of the settlement, Tulsa agreed that it would not exercise criminal jurisdiction over Indian defendants on the Nation’s reservation. The agreement also required Tulsa to dismiss pending municipal prosecutions against Indian defendants and refrain from filing future municipal prosecutions against Indian defendants for conduct occurring within the reservation.
Tulsa argued that the settlement agreement was simply an extension or reaffirmation of an existing cross-deputization agreement with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. The Oklahoma Supreme Court disagreed. The Court found that the settlement created new and independent obligations, including a substantial change to Tulsa’s exercise of prosecutorial authority.
The Court held that the settlement was an intergovernmental cooperative agreement between a political subdivision and a tribal government. Under 74 O.S. § 1221(D)(1), that type of agreement requires approval from both the Governor and the Joint Committee on State-Tribal Relations before it becomes effective.
Because those approvals were not obtained, the Court held the agreement was unenforceable as a matter of law.
This decision is significant for municipalities, tribal governments, and public officials across eastern Oklahoma. It reinforces that cities may work cooperatively with tribal governments, but agreements involving law enforcement, prosecution, public safety, or jurisdiction must comply with Oklahoma’s statutory approval process before implementation.