01/02/2025
🔴Forensic Documents Examination
🔴فرانزک دستاویزات کا امتحان
🔵فراڈ کی وہ اقسام جن میں جعلی دستاویزات کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے اور فراڈ کی ان افسام میں فرانزک سائنس کے کن بنیادی اصولوں کو مد نظر رکھتے ہوئے تفتیش کی جاتی ہے ؟
🔵TYPES OF FRAUD THROUGH DOCUMENTS
Embezzlement, medical malpractice cases involving altered or fabricated records, and industrial espionage are examples of other types of fraud that forensic document examiners encounter.
In some of these cases, the document examiner will be looking for the originator of the questioned documents. In others, she is looking for alterations such as erasures and overwriting or material that has been added to a document at a different time. An expert may also identify sequential writing, that is, writing that has been done at one time instead
of over a period of time.
🟡 EMBEZZLEMENT
Embezzlement is the fraudulent misappropriation of funds with which someone has been entrusted. Embezzlement usually involves a person who has been given a position of trust by his employer. In some cases document examiners work with accountants to decipher the system used to pilfer funds. The document examiner may be expected to match numbers to determine the identity of the embezzler or she may simply have to identify the writing on specific documents.
🟡 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
Medical malpractice usually entails alterations or additions to medical records. Records can be doctored to reflect proper procedures on the part of medical personnel for the purpose of avoiding lawsuits or loss of their license. These alterations or additions are generally added after a lawsuit has been filed. The document examiner can determine if all the medical records were written at one
time instead of on the dates indicated in the records. She can identify the insertion of material to make the record reflect proper procedures, and may be able to determine when the records were actually created.
🟡 INDUSTRIAL ESPIONAGE
Industrial espionage is the theft of valuable information from a company or place of business. It may involve disgruntled employees or undercover agents sent to steal formulas, specifications, blueprints, or other proprietary secrets.
🟡 INSURANCE FRAUD
Insurance fraud is the single largest area of white collar crime. Insurance fraud is a $100 billion a year industry with most of it directed to health care which involves forged signatures, fictitious patients, inflated fees, and falsified documents.
🟡 DOCUMENTS USED IN CRIMINAL ACTS
Murder confessions, hold-up notes, and death threats are also examined by document examiners. Kidnapping notes, extortion and blackmail, and prank mail, both viciously and sexually oriented, will be encountered. Graffiti and anonymous poison pen letters constitute some of the types of cases document examiners may be asked to solve.
🟡MURDER CONFESSIONS, HOLD-UP NOTES, AND DEATH THREATS
Document examiners are asked to identify the author of hold-up notes or other handwritten threats, to uncover a bigamist, or to determine who put the wrong dimensions on an architectural drawing. Did the suspect write the murder confession or is he being framed? These are just a few of the scenarios that are encountered in the examination of documents.
🟡GRAFFITI OR ANONYMOUS POISON PEN LETTERS
Graffiti and anonymous poison pen letters in a business environment cause a decline in morale in employees. Culprits are often surprised when they are terminated from the company for seemingly childish pranks. Occasionally a disgruntled employee will write a poison pen and/or threatening letter to a previous place of employment or a sexually explicit letter will be sent anony mously.
Graffiti often involves writing on media other than paper, such as walls, locker doors, or mirrors. It may be spray-painted, scratched with a sharp instrument, or written with lipstick or chalk. Whenever possible, the document examiner should arrange to study the original, although a good, clear photograph may suffice.
🟡 DISGUISE
Documents such as poison pen letters often contain disguised handwriting. Disguised writing is any conscious or deliberate attempt to alter the normal characteristics of one's handwriting habits to prevent recognition. Deciphering disguise and identifying the author of disguised writing falls under the purview of the document examiner. Disguise may also be found in falsified evidence,
forged securities, embezzlement, and kidnaping notes or extortion. Some writers
alter their signatures on documents in order to deny them at a future date.
🟡 COUNTERFEIT DOCUMENTS
Counterfeiting involves the fabrication of fraudulent documents in imitation of genuine documents. Counterfeiting involves making a copy of a legal or financial document without authority or a right to such a copy for the purpose of benefiting oneself at the expense of others. It generally involves money or securities but can include other items such as counterfeit credentials. Modern computers and color photocopiers make it possible to counterfeit many types of documents from gift certificates to counterfeit identification documents.
🟡 INTERDELINEATION OF LINES
Problems sometimes arise involving commingled writing. It may be necessary
to determine which writing was placed on the document first. Lines that intersect can be studied to ascertain the sequence of writing. This includes written material and/or typed and computer-generated documents.
🟡 INDENTED WRITING
Occasionally document examiners are confronted with cases involving indented writing. Indented writing is created when sheets of paper sitting under the original page receive the impression from the pressure of the writing instrument. While ink adheres only to the first page, indentations may affect
three or four subsequent pages of writing.
The impression of writing on a page may need to be deciphered. It may be possible to sidelight the document and photograph it, or place it on an Electro static Detection Apparatus (ESDA) to reveal the indentations.
🟡 INSERTIONS
Material is sometimes fraudulently added to a contract or other legal document after it has been signed. This material can drastically change the intent of the document. It is more difficult to detect additions that are skillfully added to a document than erasures. It becomes the task of the document examiner to determine if the addition or alteration was made after the document was executed.
🟡 CUT AND PASTE
Modern photocopiers enable one to cut and paste a document and copy it so that any insertions or substitutions cannot be detected from the altered document. Genuine signatures are glued to fraudulent documents and the photocopy is presented as authentic. Without an original document, it is difficult to determine if a fraudulent alteration or insertion has taken place.
🟡 ELECTRONIC ALTERATIONS
Original signatures can be scanned into computers and printed onto other documents, thereby making the printed signatures appear to be genuine original signatures to the naked eye. Documents of all kinds are scanned into computers, data is manipulated, and new documents are printed and presented as authentic. Document examiners can identify computer-generated documents.
🟡 IDENTITY THEFT
Identity theft is the fraudulent use of another person's good name and reputation. For example, the unscrupulous are stealing the reputation of victims by impersonating the victim when applying for credit. The thieves steal information about a person's family, credit history and financial status in order to use that person's identity to steal from banks, credit card companies, or merchants. Some perpetrators are giving the victim's identification when arrested for criminal activity. When these criminals are sentenced, they often destroy the victim's reputation.
🟡 OTHER TYPES OF FRAUD
Any type of document can be forged. While forgers concentrate primarily on legal documents and financial obligations, they also falsify college diplomas, letters of recommendation, and identity papers. Legal documents include wills, deed, contracts, and agreements. Financial documents that impart an obligation involve checks, credit card transactions, letters of credit, securities, gift certificates, and refunds.
🟡 OPPORTUNITY
Opportunity is the catalyst that propels individuals into white collar crime. Many individuals take advantage of an opportunity to forge a will or raise the amount on a check. Many cases that fall under the document examiners purview involve opportunists.
