25/07/2026
๐จ๐ณ๐จ๐ด ๐ต๐๐ถ ๐ฉ๐จ ?! ๐ญ๐๐ฐ !!
๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ !!
One of the most commonly asked:
Ano nga ba ang pinagkaiba ng
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ฌ. ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ฌ. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ฌ. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ?
They are all ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ but committed in different ways.
Ang Libel ay paninirang puri na dapat ay nakasulat, nai-record, nailatlaha o naidokumento.
Sa cyber libel naman kailangan ito ay ginamitan ng digital platforms or computer or infomation and communications technology.
Sa oral defamation, sapat nang ikaw ay nakapagbitiw ng mapanirang salita.
Ang slander by deed ay non-verbal actions tulad ng pananampal, pagsaboy ng pagkain o liquid sa offended party.
๐ Libel, Oral Defamation and Slander by Deed are punishable under the Revised Penal Code while Cyber Libel is punishable under RA no. 10175.
โ๏ธ SC upholds in several cases that defamatory statements must be made with actual malice โ that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard whether it was false or not.
In GR. No. 206905, January 30, 2023, however, the Supreme Court considered whether the person involved is a private person or a public officer in deciding the libel case at hand.
It states that in case the aggrieved person is a ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐
๐
๐๐๐๐, the burden of establishing actual malice lies to the prosecution and not to the defense to refute.
Meanwhile, if the aggrieved party is a ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐๐บ๐ฝ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ผ๐ณ ๐บ๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ๐ unless the legal inference be sufficiently overturned by proving good intention and justifiable motive, except in cases of privileged communication.
Note: The aggrieved person ๐ง๐๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐๐ ๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ข๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ง๐๐ฆ๐๐ or clearly described so long as the aggrieved may be identifiable by inference from the defamatory statement and that the reader can reasonably understand that the statement refers to him/her.
โ๏ธ CAVEAT:
๐ The Supreme Court on April 20, 2026 through its Office of the Spokesperson affirms that CYBER LIBEL AND TRADITIONAL LIBEL ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐จ๐ง๐ (1) ๐ฒ๐๐๐ซ from the date of discovery.
On the other hand, under the RPC, ORAL DEFAMATION AND SLANDER BY DEED ๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฌ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฑ (6) ๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ก๐ฌ.
โฌ๏ธ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ !!
