Hussain Haikal Advocate

16/12/2025

At Jamtara civil court
Coming out after final arguments in higly contested case....

02/11/2025

*Criminal misappropriation of property under BNS (Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita)*

*Criminal misappropriation of property is addressed under under Section 314 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS). It deals with acts involving wrongful acquisition or use of another person's property with dishonest intent. In this article, we will focus on the details of Section 314 of BNS, examining its provisions and implications.*

*Section 314 of BNS outlines the offense of criminal misappropriation of property. Misappropriation involves the unauthorized use or possession of someone else's property. The important element here is dishonesty, implying an intention to deprive the rightful owner of their possession.*

*Elements of Section 314:*

*1. Wrongful Taking or Retaining Possession:*

- Dishonest misappropriation can occur through the wrongful taking or retaining of possession of another person's property without their consent.

*2. Intent to Deprive the Owner:*

- The offense involves an element of dishonest intent, indicating that the accused has the dishonest intention to permanently deprive the owner of their property.

*Legal Consequences:*

Engaging in dishonest misappropriation of property under Section 314 can lead to imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to two years and with fine.

*Examples Illustrating Section 314:*

*1. Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle:*

- If someone borrows a friend's vehicle without permission and uses it with the intent to keep it permanently, it could be considered dishonest misappropriation under Section 314.

*2. Unauthorized Possession of Goods:*

- Keeping items that belong to another person, knowing it's not rightfully theirs and with the intention of not returning them, falls under this section.

*Defenses and Legal Considerations:*

*1. Lack of Dishonest Intent:*

- If the accused can establish that there was no dishonest intent in their actions, it may serve as a defense against charges under Section 314.

*2. Consent and Authorization:*

- If the accused can demonstrate that they had the owner's consent or authorization for the use or possession of the property, it could impact the application of Section 314.

02/10/2025

आज की सड़कों पर सबसे बड़ा खतरा सिर्फ ट्रैफिक नहीं है, बल्कि सफेद LED लाइट बन चुकी है — जो आँखों को चौंधिया देती है, दृश्यता कम कर देती है और हजारों हादसों की वजह बन रही है। चलो समझते हैं किसको कैसे नुकसान होता है:

👉👉1. बाइक और स्कूटर चालकों को क्या दिक्कत होती है?

सामने से आ रही तेज़ सफेद लाइट सीधा आँखों में लगती है।

कुछ सेकंड के लिए आंखों के आगे अंधेरा छा जाता है — यानि कुछ दिखता ही नहीं!

छोटी गाड़ियाँ बैलेंस खो बैठती हैं और टक्कर का खतरा बढ़ जाता है।

2. साइकिल सवार और पैदल यात्रियों का क्या हाल?

सफेद एलईडी की चकाचौंध से पैदल चलने वालों की पहचान ही नहीं होती।

साइकिल सवारों को साइड से आती गाड़ी दिखाई नहीं देती।

रात में जान बचाना मुश्किल हो जाता है।

3. कार, बस और ट्रक चालकों को क्या परेशानी है?

तेज़ सफेद एलईडी रियर व्यू और साइड मिरर में सीधा चमकती है।

लॉन्ग ड्राइव पर आंखों में थकान और जलन होनी शुरू हो जाती है।

सफेद एलईडी की वजह से सामने की रोड और डिवाइडर क्लियर नहीं दिखते।

उल्टी दिशा से आ रही लाइट के कारण कुछ सेकंड के लिए विज़न ब्लर हो जाता है — और यही सेकंड जानलेवा साबित होते हैं।

❗ सफेद एलईडी लाइट से जुड़े वैज्ञानिक और स्वास्थ्य संबंधी नुकसान ❗

सफेद एलईडी में ब्लू लाइट कंपोनेंट होता है, जो रात में आंखों के लिए बेहद नुकसानदेह होता है।

यह रेटिना को डैमेज करता है और नाइट विज़न कमजोर करता है।

WHO और कई रिसर्च कहती हैं कि सफेद/ब्लू लाइट नींद के हार्मोन मेलाटोनिन को दबा देती है, जिससे मानसिक और शारीरिक थकावट बढ़ती है।

🚨 तो आखिर क्यों बंद होनी चाहिए ये सफेद एलईडी? 🚨

✅ ये हादसों की वजह बन रही है।
✅ ये आंखों की सेहत को नुकसान पहुंचा रही है।
✅ ये रात में विज़िबिलिटी नहीं बढ़ाती, बल्कि उल्टा घटा देती है।
✅ ये मानव शरीर के स्लीप साइकल को खराब करती है।
✅ ये दूसरे ड्राइवर्स और पैदल यात्रियों के लिए जानलेवा है।

👉👉सरकार और लोगों से अपील 📣
🔹 सड़क पर सिर्फ वॉर्म येलो/एम्बर लाइट्स को अनुमति दी जाए।
🔹 LED का रंग 3000K या उससे कम होना चाहिए (जो आँखों को आराम दे)।
🔹 गैरकानूनी सफेद/नीली LED लाइट्स को हटाया जाए।
🔹 चालान और नियम लागू किए जाएं।
🔹 लोग खुद जागरूक बनें और दूसरों को भी करें।

✊ अब आवाज़ उठाओ – ये अंधा उजाला नहीं चाहिए!

🛑 ये सफेद LED लाइट्स बंद होनी चाहिए — जान बचानी है, चमक नहीं चाहिए!

👉 शेयर करें, टैग करें, और मांग उठाएं —

05/07/2025

*SUPREME COURT OF INDIA*
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(S). OF 2025
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) Nos. 2353-2354 of 2019]
RAJESH CHADDHA VERSUS STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH
May 13, 2025

*Cautioned against the 'cruel misuse' of Section 498A IPC (cruelty cases) against husband and in-laws by the wife and her relatives, without concrete evidence.*

*“The term “cruelty” is subject to rather cruel misuse by the parties, and cannot be established simpliciter without specific instances, to say the least. The tendency of roping these sections, without mentioning any specific dates, time or incident, weakens the case of the prosecutions, and casts serious suspicion on the viability of the version of a Complainant.”, the court said.*

25/05/2025

19/12/2024

*Police Custody under BNSS. The myth and reality.*

The change in law with regard to the number of days of police custody has become a very serious matter for debate among the lawyers’fraternity.
The concern is that it will give more power to the police and the possibility of misuse.

Let us examine the change.

Under the criminal law there are basically two types of detentions.
Preventive detention and detention after the reporting of a crime.

We are dealing here with the second one, that is the detention after reporting of the crime.

There are two types of detention here.
(1) In judicial custody i.e in the jail. (2) Police custody i.e either in the police station or in a place where the investigating officer choses. For example, if an accused is to be taken to another state for the purpose of investigation, he will be lodged in the place along with the investigators team, which need not be in a police station.

Our subject here is police custody.

The time granted by s.58 of BNSS ( s.57 of Cr.P.C) for completing the investigation of a case is 24 hours ! If the investigating officer cannot complete the investigation in that time frame and if “ there are grounds for believing that the accusation or information is well-founded” the officer can seek for a remand to judicial custody u/s 187 of BNSS (s.167 Cr.P.C)

This remand is to be sanctioned by the magistrate. The accused can be detained there for 60 or 90 days depending upon the gravity of the offence without filing a final report.

If the final report is not filed during that period, the accused will get “ Statutory Bail” (or default bail)
This time frame is fixed for encouraging the investigator to complete the work in the stipulated period and to file the final report. ( Usually referred as the charge)

During that period, for the purpose investigation, the police can request the magistrate for releasing the accused from the jail and to handover him to their custody. The purpose may be for getting some articles of offence or proceeds of crime to be discovered, or to identify the place of occurrence , or to question him along with any other accused persons etc.

For that , the Investigating officer will have to file an affidavit and application. The magistrate will order the production of the accused before the court. The maximum period allowable is 15 days. And after considering the need of police custody, the number of days will be decided by the magistrate. The police will be strictly warned against any torture or harassment. After the allotted period, the accused will be produced before the magistrate. The magistrate will have an interview with the accused to make sure that there was no torture during that custody. Then he will be sent back to the jail after a medical check up. This is the routine for police custody.

Under section 167 Cr.P.C, the police was obliged to move for the aforementioned police custody within the first fifteen days of remand. In the BNSS this period is relaxed, giving an option for the police officer to seek for police custody within a period of 40 or 60 days depending upon the gravity and period of maximum detention mentioned above. 40 days if the offence is punishable below 10 years and 60 days if it is punishable 10 years and up words. But the maximum period of 15 days remained the same even in the new law. But it need not be in a single stretch.

When the power of the magistrate to remand the accused was explained in S 167 cr.p.c it contained the words “ otherwise than in the custody of the police” which meant that any custody after the first 15 days can only be in judicial custody ( in Jail)
Those words are omitted in s. 187 BNSS which created an impression that police custody can be given at any point of time during the first 60 or 90 days.

But this assumption is misplaced. The section is very clear on this aspect.
BNSS s. 187 (2) " ……detention of the accused in such custody as such magistrate think fir, for a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole, or in parts, at any time during the initial forty or sixty days out of the detention period of sixty days of ninety days as the case may be….."

This amendment was brought in the light of the Supreme court judgment in Senthil Balaji 2023 KHC online 6758 since there may be situations in which the police may not be able to complete the investigation ( with the aid of the accused ) within the period of first 15 days.

Another concern is that it will give more power to the police and may result in prolonged custody of the accused in jail.

This is taken care of by the third proviso to Section 480 BNSS that deals with the bail provision , clearly says that the need for police custody beyond the period of first 15 days shall not be a bar for granting bail to an accused.

To conclude: In the BNSS total number of days of police custody can only be 15 days.
That is to be applied for in the first 40 or 60 days as the case may be.
That alone cannot be a ground for refusing bail.