Laws in fact

Laws in fact The page is devoted to important judgments pronounced by Hon'ble Supreme Court on various issues and certain legislative changes.

27/11/2025

27/11/2025


27/11/2025



03/09/2025


14/06/2025
25/02/2025



प्रस्तुत मामले में, अपीलकर्ता को भारतीय मानक ब्यूरो (BIS) का कर्मचारी बताया गया है. वह अपने आधिकारिक कर्तव्य में काम कर रही थी, यह मानने के लिए पर्याप्त है कि मजिस्ट्रेट द्वारा उसके खिलाफ संज्ञान लेने से पहले विभाग से पूर्व मंजूरी (Sanction) वास्तव में आवश्यक थी. इसलिए मजिस्ट्रेट ने अपीलकर्ता के खिलाफ बीआईएस (BIS) से अभियोजन की मंजूरी प्राप्त किए बिना संज्ञान लेने की कार्यवाही करके गलती की, और चूंकि बीआईएस (BIS) ने अंततः अपीलकर्ता के अभियोजन के लिए मंजूरी देने से इनकार कर दिया है, इसलिए अपीलकर्ता के खिलाफ अभियोजन कायम नहीं रह सकता था. आवश्यक मंजूरी न दिए जाने से अपीलकर्ता के खिलाफ आपराधिक कार्यवाही की शुरुआत ही निष्फल हो गई है. नतीजतन, आरोप-पत्र, समन आदेश और उसके बाद ट्रायल कोर्ट द्वारा उठाए गए कदम, यदि कोई हों, अपीलकर्ता के लिए रद्द किए जाने योग्य हैं.

--- सुनीति टोटेजा बनाम उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य,
S.L.P. (Crl.) No.6898 of 2023: 2025 INSC 267
(SC: February 25, 2025 : Paras 29 and 32)

25/02/2025



In the instant case, appellant is stated to be an employee of the Bureau of Indian Standards. She was acting in her official duty is sufficient to hold that a prior sanction from the department was in fact necessary before the Magistrate taking cognizance against her. The Magistrate therefore erred in proceeding to take cognizance against the appellant without the sanction for prosecution being received from BIS, and since BIS has eventually refused to grant sanction for the prosecution of the appellant, the prosecution against the appellant could not have been sustained. The necessary sanction not having been granted has vitiated the very initiation of the criminal proceeding against the appellant herein. Consequently, the charge-sheet, the summoning order and the consequent steps, if any, taken by the Trial Court pursuant to the same are liable to be quashed qua the appellant.

--- Suneeti Toteja v. State of U.P.,
S.L.P. (Crl.) No.6898 of 2023: 2025 INSC 267
(SC: February 25, 2025 : Paras 29 and 32)

25/02/2025



A ‘Legislative Decision’, is the culmination of the legislative procedure the formal expression of the will of the House on a given matter. While Proceedings of the Legislature provide the framework within which members exercise their deliberative functions, the Legislative Decision is the authoritative determination that follows such deliberation. These decisions of the Legislature, though emanating from a coordinate branch of Government, are not immune from scrutiny by Constitutional Courts. Judicial review of Legislative Decisions is not an encroachment upon legislative dominion but a necessary safeguard
to uphold constitutional supremacy.

The prohibition under Article 212(1) operates only with respect to the scrutiny of ‘Proceedings in the Legislature’ on the touchstone of ‘Irregularity of Procedure’. It does not oust the power of judicial review of the decisions of the Legislature, whether Legislative or Administrative, on the grounds of illegality or unconstitutionality. The Report recommending the expulsion of the Petitioner was made by the Ethics Committee in the discharge of its administrative functions. These functions have been assigned in the Rules framed by the State Legislature under Article 208 of the Constitution.

The distinction between legislative and administrative functions is well recognized in constitutional jurisprudence. When a legislative body frames rules under Article 208 and subsequently enforces them through disciplinary measures, such enforcement is an exercise of administrative power rather than legislative power. It is well established that administrative actions, even when
undertaken by legislative bodies or their committees, are subject to judicial review where they affect the rights and interests of individuals. Held, the action of the Ethics Committee neither forms part of the ‘Proceedings of the Legislature’ nor is it tantamount to a ‘Legislative Decision’.

---------- Dr. Sunil Kumar Singh v. Bihar Legislative Council,
Writ Petition (Civil) No. 530 of 2024 : 2025 INSC 264.
(SC: February 25, 2025 : Paras 14-19)

24/02/2025


#साफहाथ

जो कोई भी न्याय का दावा करने के लिए न्यायालय में आता है, उसे साफ हाथों से आना चाहिए. 'साफ हाथ' शब्द का अर्थ है कि वादी या प्रतिवादी ने न्यायालय से कोई महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य नहीं छिपाया है और उनके द्वारा अवैध लाभ प्राप्त करने का कोई प्रयास नहीं किया गया है. किसी भी विपरीत आचरण के लिए ऐसे पक्ष को राहत देने से मना कर देना चाहिए, क्योंकि उसने सदभावना से काम नहीं किया है और अनुचित लाभ प्राप्त करने के उद्देश्य से न्यायालय को गुमराह किया है. न्यायालय, गंदे हाथों से न्यायालय में आने वाले पक्ष का पक्ष लेकर अन्याय को बढ़ावा नहीं दे सकता. यह अक्सर उद्धृत कानूनी कहावत को भी ध्यान में लाता है - जो न्याय चाहता है, उसे न्याय करना चाहिए.

-------- मेसर्स टुमॉरोलैंड लिमिटेड बनाम हाउसिंग एंड अर्बन
डेवलपमेंट कॉरपोरेशन लिमिटेड,
Civil Appeal No. 2531 of 2025 : 2025 INSC 207.
(SC: February 13, 2025 : Para 57)

24/02/2025



Whosoever comes to the Court claiming equity, must come with clean hands. The expression ‘clean hands’ connotes that the suitor or the defendant have not concealed material facts from the court and there is no attempt by them to secure illegitimate gains. Any contrary conduct must warrant turning down relief to such a party, owing to it not acting in good faith and beguiling the court with a view to secure undue gain. A court of law cannot be the abettor of inequity by siding with the party approaching it with unclean hands. This also brings to mind the oft-quoted legal maxim—he who seeks equity must do equity.

-------- M/s. Tomorrowland Limited v. Housing and Urban
Development Corporation Limited,
Civil Appeal No. 2531 of 2025 : 2025 INSC 207.
(SC: February 13, 2025 : Para 57)

24/02/2025



विधायिका की नियम बनाने की शक्ति को functus officio की अवधारणा के प्रयोग से कम या निरस्त नहीं किया जा सकता. functus officio का सिद्धांत आम तौर पर न्यायिक मंच या अर्ध-न्यायिक प्राधिकरण पर लागू होता है और नियम बनाने वाले प्राधिकरण पर लागू नहीं होगा जो भारत के संविधान के अनुच्छेद 245 के आधार पर राज्य सरकार के अधिकार क्षेत्र में आता है.

-------- पी. राममोहन राव बनाम के. श्रीनिवास,
Civil Appeal Nos. 4036-4038 of 2024: 2025 INSC 212.
(SC: February 13, 2025 : Para 42).

24/02/2025



The rule-making power of the legislature cannot be curtailed or nullified by application of the concept of functus officio. The principle of functus officio normally applies to a judicial forum or a quasi-judicial authority and would have no application to the rule-making authority which is within the domain of the State Government by virtue of Article 245 of the Constitution of India.

-------- P. Rammohan Rao v. K. Srinivas,
Civil Appeal Nos. 4036-4038 of 2024: 2025 INSC 212.
(SC: February 13, 2025 : Para 42).

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