09/06/2026
Between state & federal prisons & local jails, about 2.3 million people are incarcerated in the U.S. That's about 540 people per 100,000. The average rate globally is ~145 people per 100,000. The only nations that incarcerate more per capita are El Salvador, Cuba & Rwanda (and many of our states have rates higher than Cuba or Rwanda).
We incarcerate people more readily than Russia, China & Iran. BY FAR more than Western Europe, which averages 80-90 per 100,000.
So what does this mean?
Do we just have more CRIME than everywhere else? Not likely. And if we do, maybe we should ask WHY? Or if not, then why do we arrest and lock up so many more people (and for so much longer) than everywhere else?
In academia, we talk about the purposes of criminal "justice":
1) Retribution: We punish people to to make them suffer proportional to what they "deserve"
2) Deterrence: For the sake of public safety, we punish people to teach them not to do harmful things again, and to warn other people not to break the law. (this includes incarceration, also fines, classes, community service...)
3) Isolation: For the sake of public safety, we lock people up to prevent them from hurting more people. This can be retributive (make the lockup painful) or rehabilitative (to force rehabilitative treatment until you're safe to release)
4) Moral education: We impose punishments so that everybody receives the same shared message about what our society is not ok with.
Ultimately, I'm a utilitarian, which means I believe we should aim for laws that minimize crime while also minimizing unnecessary punitive suffering. That means locking people up only when NEEDED to protect others, and only so long as punishments are EFFECTIVE. I believe in rehabilitation because it respects people's rights to decency and liberty, recognizes that behavior can change, and doesn't waste resources locking people up for longer than necessary.
The numbers prove that America has the balance wrong. We are not categorically safer than everywhere else, yet we lock people up far more. This shows we are leaning too far into retribution rather than a utilitarian focus on doing the most good for the greatest number of people