Sohaib Law Associates

02/09/2024

26/07/2024

01/06/2024

DOCTRINE OF RES GESTAE:

Res Gestae is a Latin word which means “things done.” This is the rule of law of evidence and is an exception to hearsay rule of evidence that hearsay evidence is not admissible. It is a spontaneous declaration made by a person immediately after an event and before the mind has an opportunity to conjure a false story. It represents an exception to the hearsay rule. Res gestae is a concept which as a matter of principle is employed in the English system of administration of criminal justice under the name of "res gestae". In our system of administration of justice, Article 19 of Qanun­-e-Shahadat, 1984 corresponding to section 6 of the Evidence Act of 1872, is an enacted provision of law under which statement made immediately after the occurrence under the influence of occurrence in order to characterize it and connecting therewith would be admissible under this article as "res gestae" evidence[1]. According to Wigmore, a frequent application of the phrase has been to the Hearsay Exception for spontaneous exclamations, i.e. statements made during or after an affray, a collision, or the like, used to prove the facts asserted in the statement.

This Exception had its earliest illustration in Lord Holt’s ruling in Thompson v. Trevanion, in 1693; so that the doctrine may be said to have been recognized before the phrase ‘res gestae’ came into use. Nevertheless, the development of this doctrine did not begin until after Aveson v. Kinnaird, in 1805, when the phrase in question had begun to be freely used in connection with it; and only since the middle of the 1800s has it been possible to say that this Exception was firmly established.

26/09/2023

ہم آپ کو انکم ٹیکس اور سیلز ٹیکس سے متعلق خدمات فراہم کرتے ہیں۔
ہماری ٹیم آپ کے اطمینان کو یقینی بناتی ہے۔
اس کے ساتھ ہم آپ کو ذیل میں مذکور دیگر خدمات بھی فراہم کرتے ہیں۔
- Company Registration
- DRAP Enlistment for Pharma Companies
- Import/Export License
- Chamber of Commerce
- PEC Registration
- Trade Marks, Copy rights
- NTN- Income Tax Returns
- Sales Tax Registration- Sales Tax Returns
- PRA Registration
- SECP Annual filings

Advocate: Ch.Sohaib Tariq
Contact # 0311-8760999

Advocate: Malik Rizwan Mahmood
Contact # 0349 4190017

07/07/2023

_*قانون شہادت آرڈر کے چند اہم آرٹیکلز

```Article 5: Communication During Marriage```
_کسی بھی شخص کو مجبور نہیں کیا جاسکتا کہ وہ دوسرے شخص کے راز افشاں کرے جس سے اسکی شادی ہوئی ہو۔_

```Article 38: Confession To Police Officer not to be Proved```
_پولیس کے سامنے دی جانے والی شہادت (اقبال جرم) کی کوئی قانونی اہمیت نہیں ہے۔_

```Article 44: Accused Person to be Laible to Cross-Examination```
_ملزم کو جرح کا حق حاصل ہے۔_

```Article 59: Opinion of Expert```
_عدالت کسی ٹیکنیکل معاملہ وغیرہ کے لیے اس (متعلقہ) شعبہ کے ماہر کی رائے لے سکتی ہے، جیساکہ میڈیکل وغیرہ کے بارے میں ڈاکٹر سے رائے لینا وغیرہ۔_

```Article 67: In Criminal Cases Previous Good Character is Relevant```
_فوجداری مقدمات میں اگر ملزم کا سابقہ ریکارڈ اچھا ہوگا تو ملزم کو اسکا فائدہ دیا جائے گا۔_

```Article 71: Oral Evidence must be Direct```
_زبانی شہادت کا براہ راست ہونا ضروری ہے۔_

```Article 73: Primary Evidence```
_پرائمری شہادت سے مراد اصل کاغذات عدالت میں پیش کرنا ہے۔_

```Article 74: Secondry Evidence```
_سیکنڑری شہادت سے مراد پرائمری شہادت کے علاوہ کوئی بھی شہادت ہے۔ جیساکہ اصل کاغذات کی فوٹو کاپی وغیرہ۔_

```Article 85: Public Documents```
_تمام وہ کاغذات جو سرکاری دفاتر، پٹوار خانہ، پولیس روز نامچہ اور عدالتی فائلیں وغیرہ پبلک ڈاکومنٹ ہیں جس کا مشاہدہ پاکستان کا ہر شہری کرسکتا ہے۔_

```Article 86: Private Documents```
_مذکورہ بالا کاغذات کے سوا باقی ہر قسم کے کاغذات پرائیویٹ کاغذات ہیں۔_

```Article 114: Estoppel```
_اس سے مراد یہ ہے کہ جب کوئی بات بندہ عدالت میں کوئی بیان دے دے تو اپنے اس بیان سے مکر نہیں سکتا۔_

```Article 117: Burdun ofy Proof```
_اس سے مراد جو بھی شخص عدالت میں کوئی مقدمہ پیش کرتا ہے تو اسکو ثابت کرنا بھی اسی شخص کی ذمہ داری ہوتی ہے۔_

```Article 136: Leading Questions```
_ایسے سوالات جس میں گواہ کو صرف ہاں یا نا میں جواب دینا ہوتا ہے۔_

```Article When Leading Question may by Asked```
_لیڈنگ سوالات جرح میں کہے جا سکتے ہیں۔_
۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

07/07/2023

Indroduction:
The Jurisdiction respect of States, but if ouf count is barred Sovereign the acts of Sovereign acts of State is regulated by low.

2 Relevant Provisions: u/s 79 to 82 of CPC 1908.

3 Procedure for filling Suit against Govt. or Public officer mu / s 80:

U/S 80 there are two types of institution a suit against Gout Public officer in respect of any act , done by Such officer in his official capacity.

1- institution of Suit with notice u /s 80(1) 2-Institution of suit without notice u/s 80(2)

4 institution of Suit with Notice:
After delivering a a notice in Such writting to such officer as Section 80 directs and after expiration of of two months from the of delivering suh notice.

5-Form of Notice:
A Notice to be delivered must be in writing.

6-Notice Nestice Suit Against the Govt.

Notice is to be given to the Govt in respect of all types of action against the Govt. Whatever the character of the suit may be.

7- Notice in Suit Against the public officer:

A notice is to be given to the public officer only if the following conditions are fullfilled.

8- Cause of action:

A notice must bear the cause of action, The expression Cause of cause refer to the grounds, on the basis of which plaintiff Seeks remedy.

9- Relief claimed by the plaintiff:

A refief claimed by the plaintiff must be mentioned.in the notice.

10- In Suit against govt:

1.In case of Suit Govt, a against the Federal govt a Secretary to that govt.
2. In the case of suit against the provincial govt.
3. In the case of suit against the federal govt relating to the affairs of the railway.

11- After the Expiration of two months:

After the issue of notice there must be compulsorily 2 months wait and suit may only be institution after the expiration of two months.

12- Institution of Suit without Notice 80(2):

A Suit against Govt or Public officer may be institution without issuing prior notice or where notice is issued u/s 80(1) before the expiration of two months or may be without mentioning in the plaint that notice u/s 80(1) is delivered but in the case following consequences fall.

17/06/2023

Identification Parade

1. Introduction
Objects of identification parade are to enable witness to identify these persons or things, which are involved in commission of offence and which are not previously authority on involvement of such person or things in commission of offence. Identification Parade is related to those facts which are declared as relevant facts about place, name, person or date. The conduct of an identification parade is part of the investigation and is held not as a rule of law but as a rule of prudence to eliminate possibility of any mistake.

2. Relevant Provision
3. Article 22 of Qanun-e-Shahadat order 1984
3. Meaning
4. Identification Parade is identification of stranger offender, who is not previously known to the witness.
4. Importance of Identification Parade
5. Identification parade is a procedure to identify the accused by the witnesses under the custody of magistrate. It is admissible evidence in the court.
5. When identification parade should be conducted
6. Identification parade should be conducted at the earliest possible time because the witness to indentify the accused easily, as by the lapse of time of memory may fade. Identification parade held after 12 to 15 days loses its evidentiary value.
6. Who conducts identification Parade?
7. Identification Parade is conducted only by a magistrate having jurisdiction to do so.
7. Modes of conducting identification Parade
8. Identification Parade is conducted or carried out by modern devices of tape recorders, cameras, videos, audios and maps or sometime the help animals like dog etc is taken.
8. Scope of Identification Parade
9. Identification parade is relevant both are civil as well as criminal cases.
9. Rules relating to identification Parade
10. Follow are the rules
(i) Time
Identification parade should be conducted at the earliest possible time.

(ii) Supervision
It is always supervised by a magistrate having jurisdiction to do so.

(iii) Place
It is conducted, generally, in jail or some other secured place.

(iv) Investigating officer
After beginning of identification parade, investigating officer or any police officer, who helps investigating office, should not have any access to identifying witnesses.

(v) Complainant a witness

If the complainant is himself a witness, only then he can participate in the Parade.
(vi) Separation of witnesses from each other
For holding of identification parade, it is necessary that witnesses should be kept separated from each other so that cannot share any information about accused.

(vii) Separation of witness from accused
It is most important for holding of identification parade that witness should be kept separated from accused at some distance from place of deification parade that they cannot see accused or other concerned person until they are called for identification parade.

(viii) Bringing of witnesses for identification
It is necessary that witnesses should be brought separately for identification parade.

(ix) Dummies
For one accused there should be a serial of 1-9 Dummies.

10. Evidentiary value of Identification Parade
11. Following two views to explanation
(i) Corroborative value
When witness deposes during identification parade that he has seen some of persons, who are present in identification parade, on time, date and place of o, it is considered that such deposition has corroborative value.

(ii) Admissible Evidence
Another view is that identification parade can be substantive piece of evidence especially when proper procedure is adopted for holding of identification and all legal requirements are fulfilled.

Conclusion
To conclude that the Identification Parade are held by the police in the course of their investigation for the purpose of enabling witness to identify the property which is the subject matter of the offence or to identify the person who is concerned in the offence. The identification parades are held a rule of prudence to eliminate the possibility of any mistake and not as a rule of law.