18/02/2026
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âī¸ āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āϏā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻĻā§āύ āϝā§:
ā§§. Evidence āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§, āĻĒā§āϰ⧠evidence-āĻā§ āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻž statement āϝāĻž cross-examination-āĻ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āϝā§āĻ āύā§āĻāĨ¤
⧍. Law of evidence-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§, hearsay evidence-āĻā§ circumstances āĻāĻŦāĻ material facts-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ hearsay evidence-āĻāϰ probative value āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž admissible in evidenceāĨ¤
ā§Š. Crime against humanity-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠criminal liability-āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ accused āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āύā§āĻāĨ¤
ā§Ē. Abetment āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞā§, abettor-āĻā§ principal culprits-āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āϏāĻāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ Participation de facto āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ
āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠presumption Juris et de jure āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠actual presence plus prior abetment āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžâāĻāĻāĻž participation āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
ā§Ģ. āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠charge-āĻ āĻļāϤ āĻļāϤ victims āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻāύ prosecution-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻŦ victims-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
ā§Ŧ. āĻā§āύ⧠criminal case-āĻ prosecution-āĻā§ accused-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻāύāĻž charge beyond any shadow of reasonable doubt āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ Criminal cases āĻā§āϞ⧠civil cases-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Criminal case-āĻ accused āĻļā§āϧ⧠not guilty plea āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ burden āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ prosecution-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ case āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤ Cross-examination āĻā§āύ⧠witness-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧠deposition-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϤ⧠defence case-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āύ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ fact-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ cross-examination āύāĻž āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻ witness-āĻāϰ deposition-āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ admitted facts āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
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